Which ethical theory defines right actions as those that maximize total utility for the greatest number?

• A. Deontology
• B. Virtue ethics
• C. Egoism
• D. Utilitarianism

Answer: (D)

This question tests how actions are judged based on outcomes, specifically the view that the right action is the one that maximizes overall happiness or welfare for the greatest number. Utilitarianism is a form of consequentialism: the morality of an action is determined by its consequences. The measure of goodness is utility, typically defined as happiness, pleasure, or welfare, minus suffering. The right action is the one that yields the greatest total utility across all those affected, requiring impartial consideration of everyone’s interests.

That emphasis on producing the most good for the most people is what sets utilitarianism apart from other theories. Deontology judges actions by whether they follow fixed duties or rules, regardless of outcome. Virtue ethics focuses on developing a virtuous character and flourishing rather than on the consequences of any single action. Egoism centers on what promotes one’s own self-interest.