Which set contains the three elements to prove liability?

• A. Willful voluntary act; Intention to bring about consequences or injury; Act as substantial factor in injury or consequences
• B. Duty; Breach; Causation
• C. Autonomy; Beneficence; Nonmaleficence
• D. Veracity; Fidelity; Justice

Answer: (A)

Liability for an intentional tort rests on three core elements: the act itself was voluntary, there was an intention to bring about a specific consequence or injury, and that intentional act was a substantial factor in causing the harm. The first piece shows the conduct wasn’t accidental; the second shows the mental state—purpose or intent—behind the act; the third ties the act to the injury, establishing causation. This combination distinguishes deliberate wrongdoing from mere negligence or accidental harm, focusing on purposeful conduct and its direct impact on the outcome.

The other options mix in principles from ethics or refer to a negligence framework. Duty, breach, and causation describe negligence and often require damages as well, but they don’t capture the intentional, purposeful aspect. The ethics sets listed are not about proving liability in a legal sense.